Archives de Tag: Spartacus

Spartacus in Varna : There And Back Again

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

I must admit that I have had a particular inability to take anything “Roman gladiator” seriously ever since that Saturday morning when Bugs Bunny encountered a Martian decked out in full Spartan gear, replete with scrub-brush-topped helmet, on my parents’ old TV. That goes for films as well as for ballet.  So, what was I thinking as the Varna State Opera Ballet company’s Spartacus was about to begin? Uh oh.

But the desire to giggle quickly faded as I got swept up in an unusually lively and absorbing piece of total theater. On the night of July 17th in Bulgaria, Sergey Bobrov’s intelligent and subtle rethinking of an old, and odd, ballet finally convinced me that Spartacus may not be such a bad subject for a ballet after all.

While this choreographer’s training is rooted in Soviet-era hyper-athleticism and the explosive Moiseyev school of folk-dance, he gives them new verve and focus. His intelligent mélange — to which he has added a verismo approach to stage fighting, an incredibly complex vision of partnering, as well as a refreshing rejection of the old-fashioned hero/villain paradigm – serves to create a tightly narrated and endlessly inventive ballet that sweeps us along through two swift acts. The minutes of music cut from Khachaturian’s original 1954 score? I didn’t miss them at all.

This is the first time I’ve ever sat through a Spartacus with neither a sigh nor a yawn.

Bobrov is abetted in his endeavor by a vigorous company of polished dancers who share such a coherent style that you cannot tell which ones were trained in Europe or South America rather than Russia. My admiration for them only increased when, during an unexpectedly long intermission, the audience learned that during the entire first act the stage floor had been slick with condensed water due to a freak climate event. I mean, as wet as in “I just dumped three buckets on the floor.” (This would continue to be the case during Act Two, despite the heroic efforts of the cleaning crew). These kids were risking their necks, but no one out in the audience saw anything other than a committed and absorbing performance. The choreography, the narration, was that strong.

Historical Context:

The saga of the Third Servile War that ended in a bloodbath in 71 BCE, as later recounted by Plutarch and Appian, is fairly straightforward. Spartacus, a proud Thracian reduced to the status of slave-gladiator, instigates a small revolt which ultimately swells into an improvised army of around 70,000 angry men. The Romans are gob-smacked. It is noted he has a wife. His nemesis is praetor Marcus Licinius Crassus, an ambitious and brutal general, future consul of Rome. These two men have good reasons for wanting to kill each other. Although he outsmarts and outfights the Romans numerous times, to the point of almost taking out Crassus himself, in the end Spartacus was certainly killed. His body was never found; we only know that 6,000 of his followers – which included anyone from household slaves to fellow gladiators to shepherds who had just had enough – ended up crucified and left to rot all the way down the Via Appia.

History of Ballet Context:

Aram Khachaturian had composed a quite catchy Lenin-Prize winning ballet score in 1954. The subject was a clever choice, given that Spartacus had been one of Marx’s great heroes in the history class of struggle. It would be first choreographed by Leonid Jacobson for the Bolshoi in 1956. But Jacobson’s Fokine-correct abandonment of pointe shoes in the service of realism was not appreciated. Then Igor Moiseyev tried his hand at one in 1958.  Ten years later Yuri Grigorovich and the Hungarian László Seregi simultaneously produced their own still-performed readings, both of which I have seen on stage.

When I first saw the Grigorovich version of Spartacus as a teenager during a Bolshoi tour to New York, I was perfectly aware that this tale of a doomed slave uprising in Ancient Rome was a piece of Agitprop, created by a man of his time and place. But I was willing to give it try.   

The many things I remember I disliked about his ballet were confirmed during a Bolshoi tour to Paris in 2008: its Manichaeism; its reductive politics (it should not take three hours to illustrate the existence of slave/master and proletariat/bourgeois binaries).  Its extreme gendering also really got up the nose of this feminist: there was a muchness of manly men, and then there were “ze vimin,” also either good [wailing females in chiffon waving their arms about] or just bad [scheming hetaerae stabbing their pointe shoes into the floor].  Overly aestheticized and stylized stage battles and the etcetera of what has long come to be known as “Soviet Style Acrobatics” left me cold. It was loooong .

Seregi’s version for the Budapest Ballet seemed mildly less didactic, softer, with more focus on private drama. What I vaguely remember (it’s been a few decades) is that the subtext was an easy read: “the Russians now do unto Czechs and Hungarians as the Romans once did to their colonial subjects”.

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

Good Guys/Bad Guys

One of my problems with the Grigorovich had been the paucity of vocabulary, and even how absolutely every turn or combination got done to the right. 

Spartacus?  A lot of head-clutching and splayed-finger angst, plus superfast chainés or rabid pirouettes to signal torment. A steady dose of grands jetés: regular, scissored, en tournant.  Another problem was that Crassus the Roman General’s vocabulary didn’t differ all that much from Spartacus’s, down to the fist-clenching, the pop-out jumps, and those explosive folk-dance leaps where arms, legs and torso all arch backwards.

In Bobrov’s new Spartacus – despite the use of a full dose of classic acrobatics and heroic bouncing around — the immense inventiveness he brings to combinations means that the choreography – even when those vehement pirouettes take off — never got predictable, boring, stale. Every character had their own vocabulary. Not once did I feel a dance was being done simply because thirty-six bars of music needed to be filled.

That new thrills that can happen onstage is rare, and I praise Bobrov’s pursuit of innovation. He keeps reimagining the classic flying configurations that we in the West have oohed and aahed about ever since our first look at “Spring Waters”. But he builds upon the potential of last-second catches and holds to the point that you no longer remember which way is up or down. The variety proved energizing. My notebook ended up full of question marks. What could these things possibly be called? Chair lifts? Lap lifts? Scoop lifts? Tumble lifts? Even when Spartacus ends up only dancing with a veil (attached to…I’m not telling), the fabric responds to him and seems to be dancing itself.

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

 The intently focused Danylo Motkov brought fascinatingly elegant stretch and bounce to his Spartacus along with a most welcome manly softness. He humanized this superhero from the moment he ripped off his gladiator’s mask. His Spartacus never veers off into the melodramatic even when repeatedly whipping off superfast pirouettes of grief or rage (yes that one, again) or when he launches into those arched back leaps with knees bent back (or forward, or in between). Motkov is also a most skilled and considerate partner. Despite the use of spectacular, sometimes impossible-looking, lifts that get pushed skywards and sideways, Spartacus’s duets with his mate, here called Achillea [Phyrgia in other versions], each have a different kind of lyricism because they are anchored in an evolving narrative.

And here Crassus concentrates more on his lovers. This really helps push the narrative along and pulls this ballet back from the manosphere. His contemptuous hatred of Spartacus will explode to a whole other level after the gory demise of one of his lovers. He’s an antagonist, not a caricature of motiveless malevolence. Crisp and complex in the role of Crassus, Vladimir Mozgovoj is a peacock in public who lets his guard down in private. I should mention that Mozgovoj’s all of manèges with double tours en tournant positively sizzled.

You wanna fight?

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

Whereas in the Grigorovich version, the group movements consisted of soldiers (or rebels) prancing side by side in formation, here the cohorts got de-aestheticized, and engaged with each other in what looked like actual combat. Despite the small size of the open-air stage in Varna, entrances and exits were planned to full effect. Dancers keep pouring in and out from three and more directions. Here the soldiers and gladiators really broke loose.

You could hear clanging of metal against metal throughout this ballet. The angle of swords ferociously planted “into” an opponent are so precisely calibrated that the action felt surprisingly real. The falls of the fallen were superbly untheatrical, heavy.

Bobrov succeeds at making that abstraction, “the people,” zing by specifically allotting certain steps to only one group or personage. For example, we know shepherds had joined Spartacus’s rebellion, but Grigorovich kind of blended them into generic crowd formations. Here the Shepherds hoist their crooks, root them around earthily during folkloric roundabouts, do awkward squats, and even inch out backwards from the wings in a stunningly inventive – as well as hilarious – bent over forwards conga line that any other choreographer who sees it will definitely want to steal.

The battles are not only full of surprises but always end with flair. Bobrov turns out to be a master of the tableau vivant that pays of both visually and dramatically. Just about every scene ends with a striking visual (which I would rather not divulge).

Ze Vimin

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

The women in the older productions? Lots of passive bourrée-ing around and turned-in passés for the good women as they express. Wispy arms alternate with developés front/side/back and that’s about it.  The bad women do splits and wiggle their shoulders while leaning back on their knees in that decadent gypsy dance manner. Duh.

In Bobrov’s choreography the female domestic slaves are kittenish and assertive in a manner straight out of Puss n’Boots. They have swing. But most of all, Bobrov finally gets at least half of the females out of the bedroom by introducing a most refreshing and welcome plot twist that is anchored in historical record.  Did you know that the Ancients do mention that the powerful and dexterous cohort of gladiators included enslaved women? Therefore, here Spartacus is conjoined to an equal with a mind of her own, a fighter, rather than to a weeping willow. As Achillea, the valiant Natalia Bobrova shape shifts from strong as a rock to pliant as a vine in a split second. Always on the alert for the next challenge, she seems to not even sweat. I rooted more for her than for Spartacus, even. Her sword drawn once again, Achillea will even face off with Crassus himself and die like a man.  

The several pas de deux for Crassus and his Persian concubine Roxana (the regal, alternately flirtatious and ferocious, Roberta Pereira) contrasted vividly with those of Achillea and Spartacus both in intent and in feeling: sharper, swifter, knottier. Roxana wrapped herself around the general like a…pretzel?…a boa constrictor? Their specific vocabulary included upside-down splitting that a brave and virtuous gladiatrix like Bobrova’s Achillea would find beneath contempt.

All the women in this Varna production bristled with confidence and determination. When Natalia Bobrova whipped out fouettés with both angry conviction and a sword in each hand during Act Two, the audience whooped at yet another demonstration of dancing machisma. [Amusingly, spell-check keeps insisting I revert to the masculine version of this word].

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

Gaydar

We know the Romans where quite open to sexual adventure, especially when it came to the exploration of tasty younger males. More than that, the philosophers often spoke of true transformative love only taking place between men rather than between men and women.

Whether it’s in a ballet, movie, or comic book, the sight of buff sweaty bare-chested guys decked out in leather should set off at least some bells, don’t you think? No prior choreographer of Spartacus ever dared to address the obvious. I should add that this was only due to Communist prudes: in Hollywood’s 1960 blockbuster, the scene where Crassus salaciously propositioned his male slave with the come-on “my taste includes both snails and oysters” swiftly landed on the cutting room floor.

Bobrov is the first ever to grab the bull by its horns, so to speak. He has added a fifth lead, and a clearly loud and proud one at that. Far from being a camp distraction, Azar the Persian Slave adds a most welcome dynamic to this tale of love and loss.

This role is clearly custom-made for the unique talents of the witty and double-jointed Vittorio Scole. His splits and hip swivels and 2 p.m. (aka way beyond 12 o’clock) extensions, plus his knowing sass, will be hard for someone else to replicate one day. His, um, “I’ll just use my own pole to amuse myself, thank you” solo, which made for a gleeful moment of respite from all the drama, was delightful.

Inserting an ambitious and endearingly flawed queen into the relationship between Crassus and that scheming dominatrix Roxana would serve, most of all, to further humanize the general. He’s clearly more at ease with Miss Thing than with the Agrippina wannabe. Crassus’s full-bodied reaction to Azar’s violent demise reinforced the ballet’s premise that no guy is ever a totally bad person. Life is not lived in black and white. It’s full of grey zones and blood-soaked reds.

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

A ballet for our time?

Whether they speak truth to power or bend to power, works of art are always rooted a time and a place. The concluding scenes of all the theatrical incarnations of Spartacus demonstrate this. The last scenes of the Kirk Douglas Spartacus film, for example, paid wildly obvious homage to the solidarity of those who had refused to “name names” during the American Red Scare.

Grigorovich and Seregi (as I imagine Jacobson and Moiseyev, too) knew they had to provide uplifting finales. The people might lose this war, but the moral high ground soldiers on.

Bobrov’s finale? Nobody wins in the slightest. A mournful, abstract, and anti-heroic tableau turns out to have been inspired by the origin story of a flower we don’t even think about twice. Two gladiators (one probably Spartacus himself) had refused to fight to the death. They had instead thrust their swords into the ground, knowing that neither of them would be spared. In their place, the…gladiola sprouted. Did you know that this flower represents comradeship, solidarity, non-violence?

Women without men, sheathed in long black chiffon [thank goodness sparingly used in this production], pensively – at one point even angrily – dance with swords sheathed in that flower. When crossed mid-air, these instruments of death even form butterfly shapes, as if they want to fly away. But then they were pointed at us and loudly stabbed down into the floor of the stage. To hell with this never-ending violence!

Bobrov’s epic, slated to tour European venues next season, proves more than relevant given that great powers still feel they are entitled to abuse entire populations they deem inferior to them.

Therefore, it was most fitting to premiere this ballet in Spartacus’s homeland on the Black Sea, formerly known as Thrace, now called Bulgaria. As I wandered out to the beach the next morning, still mulling over the performance, I could not believe that I was only a stone’s throw away from more of mens’ pointless carnage.

Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

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Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet
Spartacus (Sergei Bobrov). Photography courtesy of Varna International Ballet

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